ABSTRACT
Background: The multifactorial etiology of clefts includes both genetic and environmental factors. Many studieswere conducted to identify the genetic basis of the etiology of clefts and effect of maternal folic acid intake inreducing the risk of clefts.. Not many studies conducted about other environmental factors causing clefts. Thepresent study is to find out the non-genetic factors associated with the nonsyndromic clefts. The maternalpericonceptional intake of folic acid, family history, parental age, socioeconomic status, parental alcoholismand smoking, and parental occupational exposure are the factors included in the study.Materials and methods: The study group comprised 400 subjects with 200 Nonsyndromic cleft cases and 200healthy controls from the South Indian population. The data was collected in a detailed questionnaire by directinterview and analyzed the data using SPSS version 21. Logistic regression model was used to measure the oddsratio(OR) for the independent variables and Chi- square analysis was performed to find out the significance.Results: The family history of clefts was found in 10.6% cleft cases (p value= 0.001). The risk of cleft wasincreased in cases with no maternal folic acid intake in their first trimester of pregnancy (p value= 0.001).Parental age more than 35 years (p value= 0.004) and low maternal education (p value= 0.001) were also foundas the risk factors to cleft. Low socioeconomic background was another risk factor (p value= 0.001). Parentaloccupational exposure in terms of pestcidal exposure was found significant but not the parental medicationand smoking.Conclusion: Maternal consumption of folic acid and multivitamins during the periconceptional period to beassured to prevent the occurrence of oral clefts. Family history of cleft increases the risk of cleft and the risk isfurther increased when cleft is present in parents or siblings. And maternal age more than 35 years is foundmore significant than the paternal age . Consanguinity showed 4 fold increase in clefts. Maternal diet is a primefactor as it is directly related to folic acid and vitamin supplementation apart from the socioeconomic status offamily
ABSTRACT
<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Knowledge of anatomical variations of the great vessels of the abdomen, including the coeliac trunk, is important for clinicians planning surgical intervention and radiological imaging. The present study aimed to record the prevalence of variations in the vascular pattern of branches of the coeliac trunk in cadavers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 50 properly embalmed and formalin-fixed cadavers from the Indian population were selected for the study. Dissection included surgical incision, followed by mobilisation of the anatomical viscera, to observe and record the branching pattern of the coeliac trunk.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries were found to arise from the coeliac trunk in 86% of cadavers. In 76% of cadavers, the origin of the gastric artery was proximal to the bifurcation of the coeliac trunk into the common hepatic and splenic arteries. In one case, all three branches arose directly from the abdominal aorta, and the origin of the splenic artery was 1 cm distal to the origin of the left gastric and common hepatic arteries. In another case, the common hepatic and left gastric arteries arose from the coeliac trunk, and the origin of the splenic artery was 1.5 cm distal to the abdominal aorta.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Vessel ligation and anastomosis are important in surgical procedures like liver transplantation, and background knowledge of the different vascular patterns of branches of the coeliac trunk is vital. The findings of our study could help to minimise complications related to abdominal surgery, including bleeding and necrosis, and facilitate better and more accurate radiological interpretations.</p>